The dawn of the genetic era has allowed for investigation of gene transfer therapy as a treatment for certain diseases. Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder in which the majority of patients develops progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) and require bone marrow transplantation. A possible alternative treatment is autologous gene therapy; however, original clinical trials involving gene transfer for FA were unsuccessful. This has led to re-evaluation of the gene transfer protocols, the vectors and also a deeper investigation of the FA pathway itself. My work has focused on illuminating these areas to further advance gene transfer therapy for FA. Many gene transfer protocols require the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) to be collected and then transduced ex vivo. The most common collection method is mobilization of the HSC/HPC to the peripheral blood (PB) using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and collection via apheresis. In FA patients G-CSF fails to mobilize a sufficient number of HSC/HPC. This has led to research into agents such as AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, which may replace or augment G-CSF mobilization. These data show in two FA murine models that AMD3100 synergizes with G-CSF resulting in a significant increase in mobilization as compared to G-CSF alone. Previous work in our lab has shown that prototype foamy virus (FV) is an efficient gene transfer vector. Here a modified FV vector is used to transduce mobilized FA cells. The data indicate that long-term repopulating cells mobilized with both G-CSF and AMD3100 can be efficiently transduced by our FV vector. Clinically, FA is characterized mainly by BMF, but also by myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, current FA murine models do not display these disease phenotypes. These data show that double-mutant Fancc-/-;Fancg-/- mice spontaneously develop BMF, MDS and complex random chromosomal abnormalities that the single-mutant mice do not. Importantly, this model closely recapitulates the phenotypes found in FA patients and may be useful as a preclinical platform to evaluate the molecular pathogenesis of spontaneous BMF and MDS in FA and novel gene transfer protocols for FA.