Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management (TCEM) Works
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Item Participation in Active Sport Tourism and Life Satisfaction: Comparing Golf, Snowboarding, and Long-Distance Running(MDPI, 2021-01) Mirehie, Mona; Sato, Shintaro; Krohn, Brian; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesResearch has shown that participation in sport tourism can enhance wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between wellbeing generated through participation in active sport tourism and overall life satisfaction. Three different types of active sport tourism (i.e., golf, snowboarding, and long-distance running) were compared to explore whether the type of experience impacts the relationship between active sport tourism wellbeing and life satisfaction. Broaden-and-build theory was used as a theoretical foundation. Data were collected via an online self-administered questionnaire. Respondents were recruited via a Qualtrics panel (N = 418). Analysis of variance indicated that snowboarders rated the positive emotions acquired from active sport tourism significantly lower than golfers and runners. Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression showed a significantly stronger relationship between positive emotions and life satisfaction for golfers and runners compared to snowboarders. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.Item Exploring visiting friends & relatives’ (VFRs) image fit between Indy and the Indy 500(JPES, 2021-06) Wang, Suosheng; Lee, Soonhwan; Shin, Hongbum; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesAlthough sport and tourism researchers have become increasingly interested in studying the relationship between sport events and tourism destinations, yet not much research has been conducted to examine the similarities and dissimilarities between destination images and sport event images as well as their interrelationship. This study empirically explored the image fit between Indianapolis (Indy) as a leisure travel destination and the Indy 500 as a well-known sport event perceived by Indy’s visiting friends and relatives (VFRs). A cross-sectional questionnaire was designed consisting of four parts: 1) the cognitive image of Indy and the intent to revisit and recommend Indy as a leisure travel destination, 2) the cognitive image of the Indy 500 and the intent to revisit and recommend the Indy 500, 3) the affective image of Indy and the Indy 500 respectively using bipolar items, 4) information about respondents’ demographic characteristics and their previous visits to Indy and the Indy 500. A self-administered survey was conducted online via Qualtrics and collected with 548 usable data. According to the results of this study, the Indy 500’s cognitive image variables are more favorably perceived than Indy by the VFRs indicating the Indy 500 is more popular than the city itself as perceived by the VFRs. Indy’s tourism organizations should take advantage of the popularity of the Indy 500 when promoting the city to VFRs. All the top rated and the important cognitive image attributes are found to be related to Indy’s sports and events, which further highlights the importance of positioning Indy as a sport and event city in tourism marketing; innovative marketing strategies are needed to create a more successful image of “sport and event city” in the VFR market segment. One marketing implication of the findings is that tourism and event organizations and marketers should allocate more marketing resources and promotional efforts to the VFRs who have already visited Indy and the Indy 500 as these are the people who tend to be more active in recommending and promoting Indy and the Indy 500 to their friends. The method of quantifying image fit may not be fully adequate between sport events and destinations in this study, but the image fit approach should be recommended and applied as a supplemental tool in assessing the synergy of the attractiveness of both the destination and the sport event.Item The Impacts of the Winter Olympic Games on SPORT Tourism: A Systematic Review(Kyobo Book Centre, 2021-03-31) Bai, Xuefeng; Shin, Hongbum; Lee, Soonhwan; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesItem Perceptions of UK’s country image and destination image in light of Brexit(Ball State University, 2020) Wang, Suosheng; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesBrexit uncertainty may become a problem for business like tourism in the UK. This study was conducted during the transition period of Brexit which assessed UK’s country image and destination image perceived. A review of literature indicates that country image and destination image are two different yet interrelated concepts, yet few studies have examined their interrelations and their roles on tourists’ intentional travel behaviors. This study is designed to address this gap. A comprehensive research framework depicting the relationships and roles of the UK’s country image and destination image is proposed and empirically tested based on a survey of American college students’ perceptions. This study testifies that, country image components make indirect impacts on “intentional travel behaviors”, yet, the role of “destination image” in determining the “intended travel behaviors” is essential in the process of destination choice as emphasized in tourism literature. The findings have both managerial implications and theoretical contributions which are discussed in the study.Item Building A Resilient Event Industry: Lessons Learned during the COVID-19 Pandemic(TTRA, 2021-06) Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Cahyanto, Ignatius; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesGuided by the theoretical framework of organizational resilience, this study interviewed twenty-six event planners regarding their risk and crisis management related practices and their experiences with the COVID-19 global pandemic. This study conducted thematic analyses to analyze the data. The results showed that organizational resilience was approached through planned and adaptive resilience. Their crisis management practices are influenced by event planners’ personal knowledge, experiences, and expertise as well as their organization’s policy and leadership. When it comes to the case of COVID-19, the concept of organizational residence is mainly reflected through adaptive resilience. It also seems that most resilient organizations have been excellent in communicating and managing customer relationships and creating innovative strategies to generate revenue. Further theoretical and practical implications were provided based on the findings.Item A Flash of Culinary Tourism: Understanding The Influences of Online Food Photography on People's Travel Planning Process on Flickr(Tourism Culture and Communication, 2013-01-24) Norman, William C.; Pennington-Gray, Lori; Liu, BingjieThis article presents the results of an exploratory study in the online image-sharing community Flickr. The purpose of this study was to profile the users who are fond of online food photography as well as to explore the role of online food photography in their traveling planning process. Grounded in “uses and gratification theory,” a mixed method was adopted for this research. Content analysis was employed to understand members' general motivation to participate in different online food photography activities. A series of chi-square and independent-sample t tests was conducted to determine if significant differences existed between active members and not-as-active members. Results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses supported each other. The findings indicated that factors of entertainment, personal identity, and social interaction were the main drivers of participation in online food photography activities. It was further revealed that participants' tourism experiences were recorded as personal photography but shared socially through the use of social media. For active members, food images influenced them in terms of novelty and providing information. Active members also appeared to be more likely to seek out new places to travel for new food experiences, and food photography had a greater influence on where they consider traveling. On the basis of the results, implications for culinary tourism promotion and destination marketing were discussed.Item Understanding the Cruise Industry’s Responses to Health-Related Crises: A Case Study Approach(TTRA, 2015-06-05) Liu, Bingjie; Pennington-Gray, LoriThe cruise industry is one of the fastest growing sectors within the tourism and hospitality industry (WTO, 2010). In spite of the increasing popularity, there has been a continued interest in traveling albeit an increased exposure to various types of health risks, such as seasickness, nausea, and foodborne disease (CDC, 2014). Oftentimes these health risks can develop into health-related crises to which both passengers and crew members are vulnerable (Henderson, 2007). The outbreak of health-related crises can exert epidemic effects on the cruise industry and therefore have catastrophic impacts (CLIA, 2014). The direct outcome normally manifests itself as damage to personal health and well-being of the traveler; while indirect outcome can take the form of customer dissatisfaction, impaired brand images of cruise lines, and distorted images of destinations (CDC, 2014; Crimson Hexagon, 2013). To cope with these challenges, scholars have highlighted the importance of crisis management practices as well as effective crisis responses (Coombs, 2014; Ritchie, 2008).Item Shoot, taste and post: an exploratory study of food and tourism experiences in an online image-share community(Texas A & M University Press, 2012) Liu, Bingjie; Norman, William C.; Backman, Sheila J.; Cuneo, Karen; Condrasky, MargaretThis paper presents the results from an exploratory study of food and tourism experiences in the online image-share community Flickr.comTM. The purpose of this research was to provide a description of Flickr food group members' behaviour of taking pictures of food, as well as to better understand the role of food pictures in their travel experiences. The study found that members' travel experiences were recorded and shared socially through food photography. While food images could be regarded as a trip motivator, it is hard to regard it as the primary trip purpose.Item Exploring Residents’ Roles as Risk Insiders in Tourism Crisis Management(Travel and Tourism Research Association, 2019-06-20) Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Cahyanto, Igantius P.The purpose of this study is to explore residents’ roles as risk insiders in tourism crisis management. Particularly, this study used the recent event of Red Tides in Florida as the context and surveyed 969 potential visitors and 460 Florida residents. The preliminary findings indicated that visitors tend to rely on residents for risk related information. Guided by the social identity theory, this study further investigated the main drivers of Florida residents’ information-sharing behavior. The results indicated that both subjective knowledge and social identity influenced residents’ willingness to share risk information with visitors and their actual behavior. Based on the findings, this study further discussed a new research direction that involves residents in tourism crisis management. This study also offers practical implications on how to encourage residents to participate in the information-exchange process in tourism crisis management.Item Images of safe tourism destinations in the United States held by African Americans(PASOS, 2013) Liu, Bingjie; Pennington-Gray, Lori; Schroeder, AshleyEnsuring a safe destination is an essential factor in travelers’ decision-making, as well as a destination’s success. Recent crises have threatened perceptions of safety related to tourism. Under such circumstances, negative destination images might be produced and destination choices might be altered. Thus, understanding the effect of risk perceptions on destination image is a necessary research stream. This study examined African American travelers’ perceptions of safety related to the top three state tourism destinations in the USA. Factors that influenced perceptions of a safe destination varied among the destinations. Consistently, however, past travel experience and the perception of the likelihood of health-related crisis were significant predictors of perceptions of a safe destination.